当你安装了 Ubuntu 并想好好用一用。但在将来某个时候,你肯定会遇到忘记曾经安装了那些软件包。
这个是完全正常。没有人要求你把系统里所有已安装的软件包都记住。但是问题是,如何才能知道已经安装了哪些软件包?如何查看安装过的软件包呢?
列出 Ubuntu 和 Debian 上已安装的软件包
如果你经常用 apt 命令,你可能觉得会有个命令像 apt 一样可以列出已安装的软件包。不算全错。
apt-get 命令 没有类似列出已安装软件包的简单的选项,但是 apt 有一个这样的命令:
- <span class="pln">apt </span><span class="kwd">list</span> <span class="pun">--</span><span class="pln">installed</span>
这个会显示使用 apt 命令安装的所有的软件包。同时也会包含由于依赖而被安装的软件包。也就是说不仅会包含你曾经安装的程序,而且会包含大量库文件和间接安装的软件包。
用 atp 命令列出显示已安装的软件包
由于列出出来的已安装的软件包太多,用 grep 过滤特定的软件包是一个比较好的办法。
- <span class="pln">apt </span><span class="kwd">list</span> <span class="pun">--</span><span class="pln">installed </span><span class="pun">|</span> <span class="kwd">grep</span><span class="pln"> program_name</span>
如上命令也可以检索出使用 .deb 软件包文件安装的软件。是不是很酷?
如果你阅读过 apt 与 apt-get 对比的文章,你可能已经知道 apt 和 apt-get 命令都是基于 dpkg。也就是说用 dpkg 命令可以列出 Debian 系统的所有已经安装的软件包。
- <span class="pln">dpkg</span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="pln">query </span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="pln">l</span>
你可以用 grep 命令检索指定的软件包。
用 dpkg 命令列出显示已经安装的软件包
现在你可以搞定列出 Debian 的软件包管理器安装的应用了。那 Snap 和 Flatpak 这个两种应用呢?如何列出它们?因为它们不能被 apt 和 dpkg 访问。
显示系统里所有已经安装的 Snap 软件包,可以这个命令:
- <span class="pln">snap </span><span class="kwd">list</span>
Snap 可以用绿色勾号标出哪个应用来自经过认证的发布者。
列出已经安装的 Snap 软件包
显示系统里所有已安装的 Flatpak 软件包,可以用这个命令:
- <span class="pln">flatpak </span><span class="kwd">list</span>
让我来个汇总:
用 apt 命令显示已安装软件包:
- <span class="pln">apt </span><span class="kwd">list</span> <span class="pun">–</span><span class="pln">installed</span>
用 dpkg 命令显示已安装软件包:
- <span class="pln">dpkg</span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="pln">query </span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="pln">l</span>
列出系统里 Snap 已安装软件包:
- <span class="pln">snap </span><span class="kwd">list</span>
列出系统里 Flatpak 已安装软件包:
- <span class="pln">flatpak </span><span class="kwd">list</span>
显示最近安装的软件包
现在你已经看过以字母顺序列出的已经安装软件包了。如何显示最近已经安装的软件包?
幸运的是,Linux 系统保存了所有发生事件的日志。你可以参考最近安装软件包的日志。
有两个方法可以来做。用 dpkg 命令的日志或者 apt 命令的日志。
你仅仅需要用 grep 命令过滤已经安装的软件包日志。
- <span class="kwd">grep</span> <span class="str">" install "</span> <span class="pun">/</span><span class="kwd">var</span><span class="pun">/</span><span class="pln">log</span><span class="pun">/</span><span class="pln">dpkg</span><span class="pun">.</span><span class="pln">log</span>
这会显示所有的软件安装包,其中包括最近安装的过程中所依赖的软件包。
- <span class="lit">2019</span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="lit">02</span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="lit">12</span> <span class="lit">12</span><span class="pun">:</span><span class="lit">41</span><span class="pun">:</span><span class="lit">42</span><span class="pln"> install ubuntu</span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="kwd">make</span><span class="pun">:</span><span class="pln">all </span><span class="lit">16.11</span><span class="pun">.</span><span class="lit">1ubuntu1</span>
- <span class="lit">2019</span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="lit">02</span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="lit">13</span> <span class="lit">21</span><span class="pun">:</span><span class="lit">03</span><span class="pun">:</span><span class="lit">02</span><span class="pln"> install xdg</span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="pln">desktop</span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="pln">portal</span><span class="pun">:</span><span class="pln">amd64 </span><span class="lit">0.11</span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="lit">1</span>
- <span class="lit">2019</span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="lit">02</span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="lit">13</span> <span class="lit">21</span><span class="pun">:</span><span class="lit">03</span><span class="pun">:</span><span class="lit">02</span><span class="pln"> install libostree</span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="lit">1</span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="lit">1</span><span class="pun">:</span><span class="pln">amd64 </span><span class="lit">2018.8</span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="lit">0ubuntu0.1</span>
- <span class="lit">2019</span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="lit">02</span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="lit">13</span> <span class="lit">21</span><span class="pun">:</span><span class="lit">03</span><span class="pun">:</span><span class="lit">02</span><span class="pln"> install flatpak</span><span class="pun">:</span><span class="pln">amd64 </span><span class="lit">1.0</span><span class="pun">.</span><span class="lit">6</span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="lit">0ubuntu0.1</span>
- <span class="lit">2019</span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="lit">02</span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="lit">13</span> <span class="lit">21</span><span class="pun">:</span><span class="lit">03</span><span class="pun">:</span><span class="lit">02</span><span class="pln"> install xdg</span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="pln">desktop</span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="pln">portal</span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="pln">gtk</span><span class="pun">:</span><span class="pln">amd64 </span><span class="lit">0.11</span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="lit">1</span>
- <span class="lit">2019</span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="lit">02</span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="lit">14</span> <span class="lit">11</span><span class="pun">:</span><span class="lit">49</span><span class="pun">:</span><span class="lit">10</span><span class="pln"> install qml</span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="kwd">module</span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="pln">qtquick</span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="pln">window2</span><span class="pun">:</span><span class="pln">amd64 </span><span class="lit">5.9</span><span class="pun">.</span><span class="lit">5</span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="lit">0ubuntu1.1</span>
- <span class="lit">2019</span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="lit">02</span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="lit">14</span> <span class="lit">11</span><span class="pun">:</span><span class="lit">49</span><span class="pun">:</span><span class="lit">10</span><span class="pln"> install qml</span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="kwd">module</span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="pln">qtquick2</span><span class="pun">:</span><span class="pln">amd64 </span><span class="lit">5.9</span><span class="pun">.</span><span class="lit">5</span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="lit">0ubuntu1.1</span>
- <span class="lit">2019</span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="lit">02</span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="lit">14</span> <span class="lit">11</span><span class="pun">:</span><span class="lit">49</span><span class="pun">:</span><span class="lit">10</span><span class="pln"> install qml</span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="kwd">module</span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="pln">qtgraphicaleffects</span><span class="pun">:</span><span class="pln">amd64 </span><span class="lit">5.9</span><span class="pun">.</span><span class="lit">5</span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="lit">0ubuntu1</span>
你也可以查看 apt 历史命令日志。这个仅会显示用 apt 命令安装的的程序。但不会显示被依赖安装的软件包,详细的日志在日志里可以看到。有时你只是想看看对吧?
- <span class="kwd">grep</span> <span class="str">" install "</span> <span class="pun">/</span><span class="kwd">var</span><span class="pun">/</span><span class="pln">log</span><span class="pun">/</span><span class="pln">apt</span><span class="pun">/</span><span class="pln">history</span><span class="pun">.</span><span class="pln">log</span>
具体的显示如下:
- <span class="typ">Commandline</span><span class="pun">:</span><span class="pln"> apt install pinta</span>
- <span class="typ">Commandline</span><span class="pun">:</span><span class="pln"> apt install pinta</span>
- <span class="typ">Commandline</span><span class="pun">:</span><span class="pln"> apt install </span><span class="kwd">tmux</span>
- <span class="typ">Commandline</span><span class="pun">:</span><span class="pln"> apt install terminator</span>
- <span class="typ">Commandline</span><span class="pun">:</span><span class="pln"> apt install moreutils</span>
- <span class="typ">Commandline</span><span class="pun">:</span><span class="pln"> apt install ubuntu</span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="kwd">make</span>
- <span class="typ">Commandline</span><span class="pun">:</span><span class="pln"> apt install flatpak</span>
- <span class="typ">Commandline</span><span class="pun">:</span><span class="pln"> apt install cool</span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="pln">retro</span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="pln">term</span>
- <span class="typ">Commandline</span><span class="pun">:</span><span class="pln"> apt install ubuntu</span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="pln">software</span>
显示最近已安装的软件包
apt 的历史日志非常有用。因为他显示了什么时候执行了 apt 命令,哪个用户执行的命令以及安装的软件包名。
小技巧:在软件中心显示已安装的程序包名
如果你觉得终端和命令行交互不友好,还有一个方法可以查看系统的程序名。
可以打开软件中心,然后点击已安装标签。你可以看到系统上已经安装的程序包名
在软件中心显示已安装的软件包
这个不会显示库和其他命令行的东西,有可能你也不想看到它们,因为你的大量交互都是在 GUI。此外,你也可以用 Synaptic 软件包管理器。
结束语
我希望这个简易的教程可以帮你查看 Ubuntu 和基于 Debian 的发行版的已安装软件包。
如果你对本文有什么问题或建议,请在下面留言。
via: https://itsfoss.com/list-installed-packages-ubuntu
作者:Abhishek Prakash 选题:lujun9972 译者:guevaraya 校对:wxy
本文由 LCTT 原创编译,Linux中国 荣誉推出
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