如何列出 Ubuntu 和 Debian 上已安装的软件包

当你安装了 Ubuntu 并想好好用一用。但在将来某个时候，你肯定会遇到忘记曾经安装了那些软件包。

这个是完全正常。没有人要求你把系统里所有已安装的软件包都记住。但是问题是，如何才能知道已经安装了哪些软件包？如何查看安装过的软件包呢？

列出 Ubuntu 和 Debian 上已安装的软件包

如果你经常用 apt 命令，你可能觉得会有个命令像  apt 一样可以列出已安装的软件包。不算全错。

apt-get 命令 没有类似列出已安装软件包的简单的选项，但是  apt 有一个这样的命令：

1. <span class="pln">apt </span><span class="kwd">list</span> <span class="pun">--</span><span class="pln">installed</span>

这个会显示使用  apt 命令安装的所有的软件包。同时也会包含由于依赖而被安装的软件包。也就是说不仅会包含你曾经安装的程序，而且会包含大量库文件和间接安装的软件包。

用 atp 命令列出显示已安装的软件包

由于列出出来的已安装的软件包太多，用  grep 过滤特定的软件包是一个比较好的办法。

1. <span class="pln">apt </span><span class="kwd">list</span> <span class="pun">--</span><span class="pln">installed </span><span class="pun">|</span> <span class="kwd">grep</span><span class="pln"> program_name</span>

如上命令也可以检索出使用 .deb 软件包文件安装的软件。是不是很酷？

如果你阅读过 apt 与 apt-get 对比的文章，你可能已经知道  apt 和  apt-get 命令都是基于 dpkg。也就是说用  dpkg 命令可以列出 Debian 系统的所有已经安装的软件包。

1. <span class="pln">dpkg</span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="pln">query </span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="pln">l</span>

你可以用  grep 命令检索指定的软件包。

用 dpkg 命令列出显示已经安装的软件包

现在你可以搞定列出 Debian 的软件包管理器安装的应用了。那 Snap 和 Flatpak 这个两种应用呢？如何列出它们？因为它们不能被  apt 和  dpkg 访问。

显示系统里所有已经安装的 Snap 软件包，可以这个命令：

1. <span class="pln">snap </span><span class="kwd">list</span>

Snap 可以用绿色勾号标出哪个应用来自经过认证的发布者。

列出已经安装的 Snap 软件包

显示系统里所有已安装的 Flatpak 软件包，可以用这个命令：

1. <span class="pln">flatpak </span><span class="kwd">list</span>

让我来个汇总：

用  apt 命令显示已安装软件包：

1. <span class="pln">apt </span><span class="kwd">list</span> <span class="pun">–</span><span class="pln">installed</span>

用  dpkg 命令显示已安装软件包:

1. <span class="pln">dpkg</span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="pln">query </span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="pln">l</span>

列出系统里 Snap 已安装软件包:

1. <span class="pln">snap </span><span class="kwd">list</span>

列出系统里 Flatpak 已安装软件包:

1. <span class="pln">flatpak </span><span class="kwd">list</span>

显示最近安装的软件包

现在你已经看过以字母顺序列出的已经安装软件包了。如何显示最近已经安装的软件包?

幸运的是，Linux 系统保存了所有发生事件的日志。你可以参考最近安装软件包的日志。

有两个方法可以来做。用  dpkg 命令的日志或者  apt 命令的日志。

你仅仅需要用  grep 命令过滤已经安装的软件包日志。

1. <span class="kwd">grep</span> <span class="str">" install "</span> <span class="pun">/</span><span class="kwd">var</span><span class="pun">/</span><span class="pln">log</span><span class="pun">/</span><span class="pln">dpkg</span><span class="pun">.</span><span class="pln">log</span>

这会显示所有的软件安装包，其中包括最近安装的过程中所依赖的软件包。

1. <span class="lit">2019</span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="lit">02</span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="lit">12</span> <span class="lit">12</span><span class="pun">:</span><span class="lit">41</span><span class="pun">:</span><span class="lit">42</span><span class="pln"> install ubuntu</span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="kwd">make</span><span class="pun">:</span><span class="pln">all </span><span class="lit">16.11</span><span class="pun">.</span><span class="lit">1ubuntu1</span>
2. <span class="lit">2019</span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="lit">02</span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="lit">13</span> <span class="lit">21</span><span class="pun">:</span><span class="lit">03</span><span class="pun">:</span><span class="lit">02</span><span class="pln"> install xdg</span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="pln">desktop</span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="pln">portal</span><span class="pun">:</span><span class="pln">amd64 </span><span class="lit">0.11</span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="lit">1</span>
3. <span class="lit">2019</span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="lit">02</span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="lit">13</span> <span class="lit">21</span><span class="pun">:</span><span class="lit">03</span><span class="pun">:</span><span class="lit">02</span><span class="pln"> install libostree</span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="lit">1</span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="lit">1</span><span class="pun">:</span><span class="pln">amd64 </span><span class="lit">2018.8</span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="lit">0ubuntu0.1</span>
4. <span class="lit">2019</span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="lit">02</span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="lit">13</span> <span class="lit">21</span><span class="pun">:</span><span class="lit">03</span><span class="pun">:</span><span class="lit">02</span><span class="pln"> install flatpak</span><span class="pun">:</span><span class="pln">amd64 </span><span class="lit">1.0</span><span class="pun">.</span><span class="lit">6</span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="lit">0ubuntu0.1</span>
5. <span class="lit">2019</span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="lit">02</span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="lit">13</span> <span class="lit">21</span><span class="pun">:</span><span class="lit">03</span><span class="pun">:</span><span class="lit">02</span><span class="pln"> install xdg</span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="pln">desktop</span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="pln">portal</span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="pln">gtk</span><span class="pun">:</span><span class="pln">amd64 </span><span class="lit">0.11</span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="lit">1</span>
6. <span class="lit">2019</span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="lit">02</span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="lit">14</span> <span class="lit">11</span><span class="pun">:</span><span class="lit">49</span><span class="pun">:</span><span class="lit">10</span><span class="pln"> install qml</span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="kwd">module</span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="pln">qtquick</span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="pln">window2</span><span class="pun">:</span><span class="pln">amd64 </span><span class="lit">5.9</span><span class="pun">.</span><span class="lit">5</span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="lit">0ubuntu1.1</span>
7. <span class="lit">2019</span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="lit">02</span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="lit">14</span> <span class="lit">11</span><span class="pun">:</span><span class="lit">49</span><span class="pun">:</span><span class="lit">10</span><span class="pln"> install qml</span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="kwd">module</span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="pln">qtquick2</span><span class="pun">:</span><span class="pln">amd64 </span><span class="lit">5.9</span><span class="pun">.</span><span class="lit">5</span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="lit">0ubuntu1.1</span>
8. <span class="lit">2019</span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="lit">02</span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="lit">14</span> <span class="lit">11</span><span class="pun">:</span><span class="lit">49</span><span class="pun">:</span><span class="lit">10</span><span class="pln"> install qml</span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="kwd">module</span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="pln">qtgraphicaleffects</span><span class="pun">:</span><span class="pln">amd64 </span><span class="lit">5.9</span><span class="pun">.</span><span class="lit">5</span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="lit">0ubuntu1</span>

你也可以查看  apt 历史命令日志。这个仅会显示用  apt 命令安装的的程序。但不会显示被依赖安装的软件包，详细的日志在日志里可以看到。有时你只是想看看对吧？

1. <span class="kwd">grep</span> <span class="str">" install "</span> <span class="pun">/</span><span class="kwd">var</span><span class="pun">/</span><span class="pln">log</span><span class="pun">/</span><span class="pln">apt</span><span class="pun">/</span><span class="pln">history</span><span class="pun">.</span><span class="pln">log</span>

具体的显示如下：

1. <span class="typ">Commandline</span><span class="pun">:</span><span class="pln"> apt install pinta</span>
2. <span class="typ">Commandline</span><span class="pun">:</span><span class="pln"> apt install pinta</span>
3. <span class="typ">Commandline</span><span class="pun">:</span><span class="pln"> apt install </span><span class="kwd">tmux</span>
4. <span class="typ">Commandline</span><span class="pun">:</span><span class="pln"> apt install terminator</span>
5. <span class="typ">Commandline</span><span class="pun">:</span><span class="pln"> apt install moreutils</span>
6. <span class="typ">Commandline</span><span class="pun">:</span><span class="pln"> apt install ubuntu</span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="kwd">make</span>
7. <span class="typ">Commandline</span><span class="pun">:</span><span class="pln"> apt install flatpak</span>
8. <span class="typ">Commandline</span><span class="pun">:</span><span class="pln"> apt install cool</span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="pln">retro</span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="pln">term</span>
9. <span class="typ">Commandline</span><span class="pun">:</span><span class="pln"> apt install ubuntu</span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="pln">software</span>

显示最近已安装的软件包

apt 的历史日志非常有用。因为他显示了什么时候执行了  apt 命令，哪个用户执行的命令以及安装的软件包名。

小技巧：在软件中心显示已安装的程序包名

如果你觉得终端和命令行交互不友好，还有一个方法可以查看系统的程序名。

可以打开软件中心，然后点击已安装标签。你可以看到系统上已经安装的程序包名

在软件中心显示已安装的软件包

这个不会显示库和其他命令行的东西，有可能你也不想看到它们，因为你的大量交互都是在 GUI。此外，你也可以用 Synaptic 软件包管理器。

结束语

我希望这个简易的教程可以帮你查看 Ubuntu 和基于 Debian 的发行版的已安装软件包。

如果你对本文有什么问题或建议，请在下面留言。

via: https://itsfoss.com/list-installed-packages-ubuntu

作者：Abhishek Prakash 选题：lujun9972 译者：guevaraya 校对：wxy

本文由 LCTT 原创编译，Linux中国 荣誉推出